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Data sources

​The data mapped in the Monitor are from the following sources:

• ​Camp data - National Count of Grey-headed Flying foxes (Eby, 2002, 2003, 2004); CSIRO/National Flying-Fox Monitoring Program (NFFMP); Christmas Island Flying-Fox Research Program; New South Wales Government - Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water; Victoria Government - Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action; South Australia Government - Department for Environment and Water; Queensland Government - Department of the Environment, Tourism, Science and Innovation; Spectacled Flying-Fox Recovery Team/Preece, 2025
• Citizen science data - iNaturalist and Atlas of Living Australia (ALA)
• Tracks - The Lab of Animal Ecology: Welbergen et al., 2020, Todd et al., 2023, Meade et al., 2021, Meade et al., 2025, Yabsley et al., 2021, Yabsley et al., 2022; Boardman et al., 2021; Maitland City Council; Sunshine Coast Council; CSIRO/National Flying-Fox Monitoring Program (NFFMP)
• Species ranges (IUCN shapefiles) - IUCN RedList

​

Acknowledgements

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​We gratefully acknowledge the enormous efforts from hundreds of people from local, state and federal governments, CSIRO, wildlife rescue and rehabilitation organisations, academia, and the general public in collecting these data.
​
All mapped data are either open-access or shared for the Monitor by the Lab of Animal Ecology. ​No ownership of data is implied by the Monitor.
​

​References

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• Boardman, W.S., Roshier, D., Reardon, T., Burbidge, K., McKeown, A., Westcott, D.A., Caraguel, C.G. and Prowse, T.A., 2021. Spring foraging movements of an urban population of grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus). Journal of Urban Ecology, 7(1), p.juaa034.
• ​Eby P. (2002). National Count of Grey-headed Flying foxes July 27 & 28, 2002.  A report to: Environment Australia Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and Victorian Dept Natural Resources and Environment. p 19.
• Eby P. (2003). National Count of Grey-headed Flying foxes April 12 & 13, 2003.  A report to: Dept. Environment and Heritage Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, NSW Dept. Environment and Conservation Victoria Dept. Sustainability and Environment. p 21.
• Eby P. (2004). National Count of Grey-headed Flying-foxes April 3 & 4, 2004.  A report to: Dept. Environment and Heritage Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service NSW Dept. Environment and  Conservation, Victoria Dept. Sustainability and Environment. p 22.
• Meade, J., Martin, J.M., McKeown, A., Turbill, C., Walker, M.J., Boardman, W.S. and Welbergen, J.A. (2025). Flight behaviour and short-distance homing by nomadic grey-headed flying-foxes: a pilot study. Movement Ecology, 13(1), p.22.
• Meade, J., Martin, J.M. and Welbergen, J.A. (2021). Fast food in the city? Nomadic flying-foxes commute less and hang around for longer in urban areas. Behavioral Ecology, 32(6), pp.1151-1162.
• Preece, N. (2025) Conservation Assessment and Systematic Review of the Endangered Spectacled Flying-Fox. Wildlife Letters. DOI: 10.1002/wll2.70021
• Todd, C.M., Westcott, D.A., Martin, J.M., Rose, K., McKeown, A., Hall, J. and Welbergen, J.A. (2022). Body-size dependent foraging strategies in the Christmas Island flying-fox: Implications for seed and pollen dispersal within a threatened island ecosystem. Movement Ecology, 10(1), p.19.
• Vanderduys, E.P., Caley, P., McKeown, A., Martin, J.M., Pavey, C. and Westcott, D., 2024. Population trends in the vulnerable Grey-headed flying-fox, Pteropus poliocephalus; results from a long-term, range-wide study. PLoS One, 19(3), p.e0298530.
• ​Welbergen, J.A., Meade, J., Field, H.E., Edson, D., McMichael, L., Shoo, L.P., Praszczalek, J., Smith, C. and Martin, J.M. (2020). Extreme mobility of the world’s largest flying mammals creates key challenges for management and conservation. BMC biology, 18, pp.1-13.
• Westcott, D.A., Caley, P., Heersink, D.K. and McKeown, A., 2018. A state-space modelling approach to wildlife monitoring with application to flying-fox abundance. Scientific reports, 8(1), p.4038.
  
• Yabsley, S.H., Meade, J., Hibburt, T.D., Martin, J.M., Boardman, W.S., Nicolle, D., Walker, M.J., Turbill, C. and Welbergen, J.A. (2022). Variety is the spice of life: Flying-foxes exploit a variety of native and exotic food plants in an urban landscape mosaic. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10, p.907966.
• Yabsley, S.H., Meade, J., Martin, J.M. and Welbergen, J.A. (2021). Human-modified landscapes provide key foraging areas for a threatened flying mammal: the grey-headed flying-fox. PLoS One, 16(11), p.e0259395.